Composite Functional Materials

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Selective oxygen vacancy engineering for shrinking the potential barrier of S-scheme heterojunction toward highly efficient photocatalytic CO₂ conversion

Yue Huang, Jinfeng Zhang, Olim Ruzimuradov, Shavkat Mamatkulov, Kai Dai, Jingxiang Low

Composite Functional Materials, 2025, 1(1): 20250103. DOI: 10.63823/20250103

Figure 1. (a) Schematic illustration for the preparation procedure of the CN/OVs-BWO. (b) XRD patterns of the prepared samples.

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Figure 2. (a-c) TEM images of OVs-BWO (a), CN (b), 40%CN/OVs-BWO (c). (d-k) HRTEM image (d), lattice spacing (e), SEM image (f) and elemental mapping images (g-k) of 40%CN/OVs-BWO.
Figure 3. (a) Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra of CN, OVs-BWO, BWO and 40%CN/OVs-BWO. (b) In situ EPR spectra of 40%CN/OVs-BWO under dark and visible light irradiation conditions. (c) Schematic illustration for the configuration of in situ EPR system. (d) Raman spectra of samples of OVs-BWO and BWO. (e, f) ISI-XPS curves of N 1s (e) and Bi 4f (f).
Figure 4. (a-e) High-resolution (a) C 1s, (b) N 1s, (c) Bi 4f, (d) W 4f and (e) O 1s XPS spectra of CN, OVs-BWO and 40%CN/OVs-BWO. (f) High-resolution O 1s XPS spectra of BWO and 40%CN/BWO.
Figure 5. The pseudocolor plots of (a) CN, (b) Ovs-BWO and (c) 40%CN/OVs-BWO. Transient absorption spectra (d) CN, (e) Ovs-BWO and (f) 40%CN/OVs-BWO.The corresponding fs-TAS decay curves (at 500 nm) for (g) CN, (h) Ovs-BWO and (i) 40%CN/OVs-BWO photocatalysts. (j) Time-resolved PL spectra of theindividual photocatalysts. (k) PL spectra of CN, OVs-BWO and CN/OVs-BWO loaded with different CN contents. (l) EIS Nyquist plots of CN, OVs-BWO and 40%CN/OVs-BWO.
Figure 6. (a) Comparison of the photocatalytic CO₂ conversion performance of the CN/OVs-BWO with different CN loading contents for CO production. (b) Comparison of the photocatalytic CO₂ conversion performance of the CN, BWO, OVs-BWO and CN/OVs-BWO for CO production. (c) Comparison of the photocatalytic CO₂ conversion of the 40%CN/OVs-BWO with the previously reported photocatalysts. (d) Recycling photocatalytic CO₂ conversion tests over CN, OVs-BWO and CN/OVs-BWO. (e) CO₂ photocatalytic activity under varied conditions. (f) In situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectra for photocatalytic CO₂ conversion over 40%CN/OVs-BWO.
Figure 7. (a, b) Side view of CN/OVs-BWO (a) and CN/BWO (b). (c, d) Bader charges analysis atoms of the isosurface of CN/OVs-BWO (c) and CN/BWO (d). (e) Schematic illustration of the shrinkage of the potential barrier of CN/OVs-BWO compared to that of the CN/BWO. V_b and E indicate potential barrier and electric field, respectively. (f) Gibbsfree energy proﬁles for CO₂ photoreduction on CN/OVs-BWO and CN/BWO.

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