Composite Functional Materials

Figure/Table detail

Research progress on Ti-based materials for MgH₂ hydrogen storage systems

Huanhuan Zhang, Yanping Fan, Shuyan Guan, Wen-Gang Cui, Mingchang Zhang, Zhenglong Li, Yuhai Dou, Jiarui Yang, Zechao Zhuang, Zhenluo Yuan, Shiqian Zhao, Dingsheng Wang, Baozhong Liu, Hongge Pan

Composite Functional Materials, 2025, 1(2): 20250201. DOI: 10.63823/20250201

Methods	Advantages	Disadvantages	Cost	Applicable scenarios
Ball milling	1. Easy to operate 2. Low cost 3. Wide applicability 4. Industrialization potential	1. Less efficient 2. Introduce pollution 3. Limited particle refinement	Low	1. Basic research 2. Preliminary exploration
Plasma-assisted milling	1. Extremely efficient 2. Excellent dispersion 3. Clean and activate surface	1. Complex equipment 2. Ultra-high cost 3. Complex process	High	1. High-level research 2. Maximizing catalysis 3. Exploring extreme performance
Ultrasonication	1. Achieved true nanoscale dispersion 2. Avoid unnecessary phase changes or reactions	1. Solvents must be used 2. Extremely low yields 3. Not suitable for mass production	Medium	Basic mechanism research

Table 2. The comparison of different reaction strategies.

Other figure/table from this article

Fig. 1 (a, b) Amounts of publications and citations, (c) corresponding classification of research topics in publications using “Ti-based materials OR Ti materials OR Titanium-based composites”, “Magnesium hydrogen storage” as keywords since 2015.
Fig. 2 Schematic illustration of Ti-based additives on hydrogen storage of MgH₂.
Fig. 3 Mechanism characterization and technology of Ti-based supports. (a-c) MgH₂+K₂Ti₈O₁₇. Reproduced with permission [91]. Copyright 2021, Elsevier. (d-f) MgH₂/TiO₂. Reproduced with permission [93]. Copyright 2022, Springer.
Fig. 4 Investigations on multiple valence titanium mechanism: (a) MgH₂-Ni/TiO₂. Reproduced with permission [95]. Copyright 2019, Elsevier. (b) MgH₂+fl-TiO₂@C. Reproduced with permission [96]. Copyright 2019, Elsevier. (c-e) XPS characterization of various materials before and after dehydrogenation. Reproduced with permission [97]. Copyright 2022, Elsevier. (f) Ti₃C₂-based MgH₂ at different states. Reproduced with permission [98]. Copyright 2021, Elsevier. (g) Ti and Ni in MgH₂ hydrogen storage system. Reproduced with permission [99]. Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society. (h) MgH₂/TiO₂. Reproduced with permission [93]. Copyright 2022, Springer. (i) NbN doped MgH₂. Reproduced with permission [100]. Copyright 2020, Elsevier.
Fig. 5 Investigations on “Hydrogen pump” effect mechanism. (a, b) MgH₂+10 wt.% Ni@C-MXene. Reproduced with permission [101]. Copyright 2020, Elsevier. (c-e) Mg@Pt. Reproduced with permission [102]. Copyright 2019, Royal Society of Chemistry.
Table 1. The comparison of different reaction mechanisms.
Fig. 6 Theoretical research of Ti-based additives on hydrogen storage based on pure DFT calculation. (a-d) The energy changes of Ti, Nb, Al, and In. Reproduced with permission [109]. Copyright 2017, Elsevier. (e-i) Mg-H, Ti-H and Ti-Mg bond of various structures. Reproduced with permission [111]. Copyright 2021, Elsevier. (j-k) Thermodynamic properties of TiH₂ in Debye temperature and heat capacity. Reproduced with permission [112]. Copyright 2020, Wiley.
Fig. 7 Theoretical research of Ti-based additives on hydrogen storage based on experimental verification guided by DFT calculation. (a) MgH₂ unit cell, Mg₁₆H₃₂ and Mg₁₅TMH₃₂ (TM = Ti or Ni). (b) Calculated dehydrogenation enthalpies and hydrogen removal energies of MgH₂-based system. (c) DSC (differential scanning calorimetry) curves of MgH₂-based materials. (d, e) Comparison of interatomic bond lengths and bond angles in MgH₂-based system. Reproduced with permission [117]. Copyright 2015, Elsevier.
Fig. 8 Corresponding information and presentation of various catalysts on hydrogen storage of MgH₂ and MgH₂-based composites. (a-c) Vanadium nanosheets. Reproduced with permission [137]. Copyright 2021, Nonferrous Metals Society of China. (d) MgH₂-PdNi, Reproduced with permission [138]. Copyright 2023, Wiley. (e) MgH₂-Ni₂P. Reproduced with permission [140]. Copyright 2022, Elsevier.
Fig. 9 Corresponding information and presentation of various catalysts on hydrogen storage of MgH₂ and MgH₂-based composites. (a) P-milling. Reproduced with permission [143]. Copyright 2017, Elsevier. (b) Mg₈₅In₅Al₅Ti₅ alloy by P-milling. Reproduced with permission [146]. Copyright 2015, Elsevier.
Fig. 10 (a-d) The corresponding information and presentation of ultrafine MgH₂ catalysts on hydrogen storage of MgH₂ and MgH₂-based composites. Reproduced with permission [148]. Copyright 2020, Royal Society of Chemistry.
Fig. 11 Corresponding information and presentation of different catalysts on hydrogen storage of MgH₂ and MgH₂-based composites. (a, b) MgH₂-TiO₂. Reproduced with permission [190]. Copyright 2022, Elsevier. (c) MgH₂@Ti-MX. Reproduced with permission [40]. Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society. (d) MgH₂/TiO₂. Reproduced with permission [93]. Copyright 2022, Springer. (e, f) MgH₂@pCNF. Reproduced with permission [192]. Copyright 2022, Elsevier.
Fig. 12 Corresponding characterization from the morphology, performance and mechanism characterization of Ti-based materials. (a) Reproduced with permission [249]. Copyright 2020, Elsevier. (b, c) Reproduced with permission [251]. Copyright 2019, Royal Society of Chemistry. (d, e) 3D Ti₃C₂ MXene. Reproduced with permission [252]. Copyright 2017, American Chemical Society.
Fig. 13 Corresponding information and presentation of different catalysts on hydrogen storage of MgH₂ and MgH₂-based composites. (a, b) TiO₂ NS with exposed {001} facets. Reproduced with permission [72]. Copyright 2019, Royal Society of Chemistry. (c-f) TiO₂@C. Reproduced with permission [274]. Copyright 2018, Elsevier.
Fig. 14 Morphology, performance and mechanism characterization of TiC_x-based materials. (a, b) Some transitional metal carbides. Reproduced with permission [292]. Copyright 2021, Elsevier. (c, d) 3D Ti₃C₂ MXene. Reproduced with permission [40]. Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society.
Fig. 15 The corresponding characterization from the morphology, performance and mechanism characterization of polymetallic titanium compounds. (a-d) NbTi cluster. Reproduced with permission [299]. Copyright 2019, Royal Society of Chemistry. (e, f) TiMn₂ compound. Reproduced with permission [300]. Copyright 2019, Royal Society of Chemistry.
Fig. 16 The corresponding characterization from the morphology, performance and mechanism characterization of materials supported on Ti-based supports. (a, b) Ti₃C₂ MXene-based catalyst (Ni@Ti-MX). Reproduced with permission [315]. Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society. (c, d) few-layer Ti₃C₂T_x (FL-Ti₃C₂T_x) supporting highly dispersed nano-Ni particles. Reproduced with permission [316]. Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society. (e, f) graphene nanosheet-supported FeOOH nanodots. Reproduced with permission [318]. Copyright 2022, Springer.
Fig. 17 Corresponding characterization from the morphology, performance and mechanism characterization of Ti-based materials. (a-c) K₂Ti₆O₁₃. Reproduced with permission [333]. Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society. (d, e) Oxygen Vacancies modified Na₂Ti₃O₇. Reproduced with permission [90]. Copyright 2022, American Chemical Society. (f, g) TiNb₂O₇. Reproduced with permission [335]. Copyright 2022, Wiley.
Table 3. The performance comparison of different Ti-based materials.
Fig. 18 Final summary and future outlook of Ti-based additives on Mg-based hydrogen storage system.

Title

Figure/Table detail